5. CURRENT SITUATION OF DEPRESSION ACCORDING TO PHQ-9 SCALE IN PEOPLE WITH DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS IN VIETNAM, 2023
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: This study aims to explore the prevalence of depression among drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) patients in Vietnam. A total of 250 patients were sampled, utilizing the PHQ- 9 questionnaire to assess levels of depression, along with gathering personal characteristics including age, geographical location, occupation, and treatment frequency.
Methods: This quantitative study employed questionnaires and descriptive statistical analysis to identify depression levels and related factors.
Results: Findings indicate that 34.4% of patients did not experience depression, whereas 36.8% suffered from mild depression and 14% from moderate depression. A significantly increased level of depression was observed in individuals who had a history of forgetting to take their TB medication (OR = 0.5; p = 0.032) and in the low-performing knowledge group with a high rate of depression (70.2%).
Discussion: The research underscores the importance of screening and intervening for depression among drug-resistant TB patients, especially those with a history of non-compliance with treatment. Enhancing psychological support and timely intervention can improve the quality of life and treatment outcomes for TB patients.
Article Details
Keywords
MDR TB, drug adherences, depression, anxiety, KAP.
References
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Adherence for Patients with Drug-Resistant
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Study. Tuberc Res Treat. 2022 Nov 19;2022:e6466960.
[25] Sharma R, Bakshi H, Prajapati S, Bhatt GS, Mehta R,
Rami KC, et al. Prevalence and Determinants of
Depression among Multi Drug Resistant
(MDR) TB cases registered under National
Tuberculosis Elimination Program in Ahmedabad
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Assoc Prev Soc Med. 2022;47(1):45–9.
[26] Risk Factors for Depression in Tuberculosis
Patients: A Meta-Analysis - PMC [Internet]. [cited
2024 Apr 6]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9012238/
Stockings E, Scott JG, et al. Global Epidemiology and
Burden of Schizophrenia: Findings
From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.
Schizophr Bull. 2018 Oct 17;44(6):1195–203.
[2] Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders
[Internet]. [cited 2024 Apr 6]. Available
from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-
redirect/depression-global-health-estimates
[3] Global Tuberculosis Report 2023 [Internet]. [cited
2024 Mar 13]. Available from: https://www.
who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/
tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023
[4] Sweetland A, Oquendo M, Wickramaratne P,
Weissman M, Wainberg M. Depression: a silent
driver of the global tuberculosis epidemic. World
Psychiatry. 2014 Oct;13(3):325–6.
[5] Vega P, Sweetland A, Acha J, Castillo H, Guerra
D, Smith Fawzi MC, et al. Psychiatric issues in
the management of patients with multidrug-resistant
tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Off J
Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004 Jun;8(6):749–59.
[6] Pachi A, Bratis D, Moussas G, Tselebis A. Psychiatric
Morbidity and Other Factors Affecting
Treatment Adherence in Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Patients. Tuberc Res Treat. 2013;2013:489865.
[7] Redwood L, Mitchell EMH, Viney K, Snow K,
Nguyen TA, Dung LAT, et al. Depression, stigma and
quality of life in people with drug-susceptible TB
and drug-resistant TB in Vietnam.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.
2021 Jun 1;25(6):461–7.
[8] Acha J, Sweetland A, Guerra D, Chalco K, Castillo
H, Palacios E. Psychosocial support groups for patients
with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: five years of
experience. Glob Public Health. 2007;2(4):404–17.
[9] Aydin IO, Uluşahin A. Depression, anxiety
comorbidity, and disability in tuberculosis and
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients:
applicability of GHQ-12. Gen Hosp Psychiatry.
2001;23(2):77–83.
[10] Deribew A, Tesfaye M, Hailmichael Y, Apers
L, Abebe G, Duchateau L, et al. Common mental
disorders in TB/HIV co-infected patients in
Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2010 Jul 9;10:201.
[11] Galea JT, Monedero-Recuero I, Sweetland AC.
Beyond screening: a call for the routine integration of
mental health care with tuberculosis treatment.
Public Health Action. 2019 Mar 21;9(1):2.
[12] Where there’s a will, there’s a way: advancing
integrated care for mental health, substance
use and tuberculosis disease - PubMed [Internet].
[cited 2024 Apr 6]. Available from: https://
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31097057/
[13] Van Rie A, Sengupta S, Pungrassami P, Balthip
Q, Choonuan S, Kasetjaroen Y, et al. Measuring
stigma associated with tuberculosis and HIV/
AIDS in southern Thailand: exploratory and
confirmatory factor analyses of two new scales.
Trop Med Int Health TM IH. 2008 Jan;13(1):21–
30.
[14] Alonso J, Liu Z, Evans-Lacko S, Sadikova E,
Sampson N, Chatterji S, et al. Treatment gap for
anxiety disorders is global: Results of the World
Mental Health Surveys in 21 countries. Depress
Anxiety. 2018 Mar;35(3):195–208.
[15] Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-
9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.
J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606–13.
[16] Ali GC, Ryan G, De Silva MJ. Validated Screening
Tools for Common Mental Disorders in Low
and Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review.
PLoS ONE. 2016 Jun 16;11(6):e0156939.
[17] Nguyen N, An P, Tien N. Reliability and Validity
of Vietnamese Version of Patient Health Questionnaire 9
Items (PHQ-9) Among UMP Medical Freshmen.
In 2022. p. 901–23.
[18] Lotrakul M, Sumrithe S, Saipanish R. Reliability
and validity of the Thai version of the PHQ-9.
BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8:46.
[19] Kigozi G. Confirmatory factor analysis of the
Patient Health Questionnaire-9: A study amongst
tuberculosis patients in the Free State province.
South Afr J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2020 [cited
2024 Apr 6];35(1). Available from: https://www.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8378120/
[20] Velen K, Nguyen VN, Nguyen BH, Dang T,
Nguyen HA, Vu DH, et al. Harnessing new
mHealth technologies to Strengthen the Management
of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Vietnam
(V-SMART trial): a protocol for a randomised
controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2022 Jun22;12(6):e052633.
[21] The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a
tool to screen for depression in people with multiple
sclerosis: a cross-sectional validation study
| BMC Psychology | Full Text [Internet]. [cited
2024 Apr 6]. Available from: https://bmcpsychology.
biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ s40359-022-00949-8
[22] Shrestha SK, Joshi S, Bhattarai RB, Joshi LR,
Adhikari N, Shrestha SK, et al. Prevalence
and risk factors of depression in patients with
drug-resistant tuberculosis in Nepal: A cross-sectional
study. J Clin Tuberc Mycobact Dis. 2020 Oct 29;21:100200.
[23] Batte C, Namusobya MS, Kirabo R, Mukisa J,
Adakun S, Katamba A. Prevalence and factors
associated with non-adherence to multi-drug resistant
tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment at Mulago National
Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Afr Health Sci.
2021 Apr 16;21(1):238–47.
[24] Endo Y, Jaramillo J, Yadav RPH. Patient- and
Health-System-Related Barriers to Treatment
Adherence for Patients with Drug-Resistant
Tuberculosis in the Philippines: A Mixed-Methods
Study. Tuberc Res Treat. 2022 Nov 19;2022:e6466960.
[25] Sharma R, Bakshi H, Prajapati S, Bhatt GS, Mehta R,
Rami KC, et al. Prevalence and Determinants of
Depression among Multi Drug Resistant
(MDR) TB cases registered under National
Tuberculosis Elimination Program in Ahmedabad
City. Indian J Community Med Off Publ Indian
Assoc Prev Soc Med. 2022;47(1):45–9.
[26] Risk Factors for Depression in Tuberculosis
Patients: A Meta-Analysis - PMC [Internet]. [cited
2024 Apr 6]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9012238/