35. PREVALENCE OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI REINFECTION AND SOME ASSOCIATED FACTORS: AN OVERVIEW
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: To summarize evidence and provide an overview of the prevalence of H. pylori reinfection and describe some associated factors.
Subject and method: This scoping review was conducted by systematically searching PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for relevant studies published up to May 2024. Additional records were identified through manual reference checks. Studies were screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and key data were extracted and synthesized narratively.
Results: A total of 40 studies were included, reporting annual reinfection rates of H. pylori that ranged from 0.8% to 29.8%, with higher rates observed in developing regions. Factors associated with reinfection included young age, low socioeconomic status, crowded living conditions, household exposure to infected individuals, poor hygiene practices, specific treatment regimens, and comorbidities. Preventive interventions reported in the literature encompassed hygiene education, community-based screening, and adjustments to eradication regimens.
Conclusion: H. pylori reinfection remains a significant public health concern, particularly in low-resource settings. Effective and context-specific preventive strategies are crucial to improving long-term eradication outcomes.
Article Details
Keywords
Helicobacter pylori, reinfection, risk factors, preventive interventions, scoping review
References
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[2] Kayali S, Manfredi M, Gaiani F, Bianchi L, Bizzarri B, Leandro G, et al. Helicobacter pylori, transmission routes and recurrence of infection: state of the art. Acta Bio Medica Atenei Parmensis 2018;89:72–6. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v89i8-S.7947.
[3] Gisbert JP. The recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection: incidence and variables influencing it. A critical review. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:2083–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.50043.x.
[4] Niv Y, Hazazi R. Helicobacter pylori Recurrence in Developed and Developing Countries: Meta-Analysis of 13C-Urea Breath Test Follow-Up after Eradication. Helicobacter 2008;13:56–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00571.x.
[5] Xue Y, Zhou L-Y, Lu H-P, Liu J-Z. Recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection: incidence and influential factors. Chinese Medical Journal 2019;132:765–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000146.
[6] Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med 2018;169:467–73. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850.
[7] Xie Y, Song C, Cheng H, Xu C, Zhang Z, Wang J, et al. Long-term follow-up of Helicobacter pylori reinfection and its risk factors after initial eradication: a large-scale multicentre, prospective open cohort, observational study. Emerging Microbes & Infections 2020;9:548–57.
[8] Bassiony MA. Recurrence of Helicobacter pylori Infection after Successful Eradication Therapy in Egyptian Patients. Journal of Gastroenterology 2020;5.
[9] Bruce MG, Bruden DL, Morris JM, Reasonover AL, Sacco F, Hurlburt D, et al. Reinfection after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori in three different populations in Alaska. Epidemiology & Infection 2015;143:1236–46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268814001770.
[10] Jonaitis L, Kiudelis G, Slepavicius P, Kupcinskas L. High rate of Helicobacter pylori reinfection in Lithuanian peptic ulcer patients. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2016;7:181–5. https://doi.org/10.4291/wjgp.v7.i1.181.
[11] Benajah DA, Lahbabi M, Alaoui S, El Rhazi K, El Abkari M, Nejjari C, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and its recurrence after successful eradication in a developing nation (Morocco). Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 2013;37:519–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2013.02.003.
[12] Silva FM, Navarro-Rodriguez T, Barbuti RC, Mattar R, Hashimoto CL, Eisig JN. Helicobacter pylori reinfection in Brazilian patients with peptic ulcer disease: a 5-year follow-up. Helicobacter 2010;15:46–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00734.x.
[13] Nam JH, Ryu KH, Park BJ, Lee CW, Park E-C. Rate and predictive factors of Helicobacter pylori recurrence: Analysis of a screening cohort. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2019;25:251–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/sjg.SJG_456_18.
[14] Xue Y, Zhou L-Y, Lu H-P, Liu J-Z. Recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection: incidence and influential factors. Chinese Medical Journal 2019;132:765–71.
[15] Vilaichone R, Wongcha-um A, Chotivitayatarakorn P. Low re-infection rate of Helicobacter pylori after successful eradication in Thailand: a 2 years study. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2017;18:695–7.
[16] Wheeldon T-U, Hoang TTH, Phung DC, Björkman A, Granström M, Sörberg M. Long‐term follow‐up of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in Vietnam: reinfection and clinical outcome. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2005;21:1047–53.
[17] Zhou G. Helicobacter pylori Recurrence after Eradication Therapy in Jiangjin District, Chongqing, China. Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2020;2020:7510872. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7510872.
[18] Zhang D, Mao ,Fengjiao, Huang ,Shimei, Chen ,Chen, Li ,Da, Zeng ,Fan, et al. Recurrence Rate and Influencing Factors of Helicobacter Pylori Infection After Successful Eradication in Southern Coastal China. International Journal of General Medicine 2024;17:1039–46. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S452348.
[19] Lim NR, Kim J, Chung WC. Recurrence of Helicobacter pylori following successful eradication and clinical outcomes in Korean patients. Helicobacter 2024;29:e13036. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.13036.
[20] Kim MS, Kim N, Kim SE, Jo HJ, Shin CM, Lee SH, et al. Long‐term follow‐up Helicobacter pylori reinfection rate and its associated factors in Korea. Helicobacter 2013;18:135–42.
[21] Kim SY, Hyun JJ, Jung SW, Koo JS, Yim HJ, Lee SW. H elicobacter pylori Recurrence after First‐and Second‐Line Eradication Therapy in K orea: The Problem of Recrudescence or Reinfection. Helicobacter 2014;19:202–6.
[22] Najafi M, Sobhani M, Khodadad A, Farahmand F, Motamed F. Reinfection Rate after Successful Helicobacter pylori Eradication in Children. Iran J Pediatr 2010;20:58–62.
[23] Hằng ĐV, và cộng sự. Xác định tỷ lệ nhiễm vi khuẩn helicobacter pylori (h.p), tỷ lệ tái nhiễm vi khuẩn H.p sau điều trị liệu pháp tuần tự 4 thuốc có bismuth ở một số gia đình đến khám tại phòng khám đa khoa Hoàng Long 2019.
[24] Zhao H, Yan P, Zhang N, Feng L, Chu X, Cui G, et al. The recurrence rate of Helicobacter pylori in recent 10 years: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Helicobacter 2021;26:e12852. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12852.
[25] Xie Y, Song C, Cheng H, Xu C, Zhang Z, Wang J, et al. Long-term follow-up of Helicobacter pylori reinfection and its risk factors after initial eradication: a large-scale multicentre, prospective open cohort, observational study. Emerging Microbes & Infections 2020;9:548–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1737579.
[26] Ren S, Cai P, Liu Y, Wang T, Zhang Y, Li Q, et al. Prevalence of infection in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2022;37:464–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15751.
[27] Xu L, Li X-T, Ur-Rahman I, Zhang C, Qi Y-B, Hu R-B, et al. Global H. pylori recurrence, recrudescence, and re-infection status after successful eradication in pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol 2024;59:668–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-024-02114-x.
[28] Melese A, Genet C, Zeleke B, Andualem T. Helicobacter pylori infections in Ethiopia; prevalence and associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterology 2019;19:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-018-0927-3.
[29] Nguyen TVH, Bengtsson C, Nguyen GK, Yin L, Hoang TTH, Phung DC, et al. Age as Risk Factor for H elicobacter pylori Recurrence in Children in V ietnam. Helicobacter 2012;17:452–7.
[30] Camilo V, Sugiyama T, Touati E. Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2017;22:e12405. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12405.
[31] Hu Y, Wan J ‐H., Li X ‐Y., Zhu Y, Graham DY, Lu N ‐H. Systematic review with meta‐analysis: the global recurrence rate of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017;46:773–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14319.
[32] Yan T-L, Hu Q-D, Zhang Q, Li Y-M, Liang T-B. National rates of elicobacter pylori recurrence are significantly and inversely correlated with human development index. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2013;37:963–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12293.
[33] Yakoob J, Abid S, Jafri W, Abbas Z, Mumtaz K, Hamid S, et al. Low rate of recurrence of Helicobacter Pylori infection in spite of high clarithromycin resistance in Pakistan. BMC Gastroenterology 2013;13:1–7.
[34] Zhou G. Helicobacter pylori Recurrence after Eradication Therapy in Jiangjin District, Chongqing, China. Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2020;2020:7510872. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7510872.
[35] Zhou X-Z, Lyu N-H, Zhu H-Y, Cai Q-C, Kong X-Y, Xie P, et al. Large-scale, national, family-based epidemiological study on Helicobacter pylori infection in China: the time to change practice for related disease prevention. Gut 2023:gutjnl-2022-328965. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328965.
[36] Hasosah M, Satti M, Shehzad A, Alsahafi A, Sukkar G, Alzaben A, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of elicobacter pylori Infection in Saudi Children: A Three-Year Prospective Controlled Study. Helicobacter 2015;20:56–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12172.
[37] Mwangi CN, Njoroge S, Rajula A, Laving A, Kamenwa R, Devani S, et al. Prevalence and Endoscopic Findings of Helicobacter pylori Infection among Dyspeptic Patients in Kenya. Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 2020;10:233–42. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmm.2020.104020.
[38] Zhou M, Zeng Y, Luo S, Qi J, Zhao G, Sun Y, et al. School-based Hygiene Intervention to Prevent HelicObacter Pylori infection among childrEn (SHIP HOPE): protocol for a cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022;12:e064207.
[39] Zhang D, Mao F, Huang S, Chen C, Li D, Zeng F, et al. Recurrence Rate and Influencing Factors of Helicobacter Pylori Infection After Successful Eradication in Southern Coastal China. Int J Gen Med 2024;17:1039–46. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S452348.
[40] Zhang L. Current Status and Influencing Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Health Examination Population and Outpatients in Baoshan District, Shanghai. Chinese Journal of Gastroenterology 2019:326–30.
[41] D. Mohammed M, Fathi Mohammed R, Mohamed Fahmy H. Educational Intervention for Improving Medication Adherence, Knowledge, and Practice Regarding Intrafamilial Transmission among Helicobacter Pylori Patients. Egyptian Journal of Health Care 2020;11:350–68.
[42] Ma J, Yu M, Shao Q, Yu X, Zhang C, Zhao J, et al. Both family‐based Helicobacter pylori infection control and management strategy and screen‐and‐treat strategy are cost‐effective for gastric cancer prevention. Helicobacter 2022;27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12911.
[43] Atef Ibrahiem D, Mohamed Saad A. Health Awareness Package to Avert Helicobacter Pylori Infection among Family Members. Egyptian Journal of Health Care 2021;12:448–70. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejhc.2021.142233.
[44] Ding S-Z. Global whole family based-Helicobacter pylori eradication strategy to prevent its related diseases and gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2020;26:995–1004. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i10.995.
[45] Zhao J-B, Yuan L, Yu X-C, Shao Q-Q, Ma J, Yu M, et al. Whole family—based Helicobacter pylori eradication is a superior strategy to single-infected patient treatment approach: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2021;26:e12793. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12793.
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