21. THE PREVALENCE OF CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING IN LOW AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objectives: to determine the prevalence of cervical cancer screening in low and middle-income countries.
Method: This literature review was conducted in accordance with the Cochrane Collaboration guidance for literature reviews and reported following the PRISMA statement. We conducted searches of electronic bibliographic databases including Pubmed, Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane Systematic Reviews and Cochrane CENTRAL.
Results: Our searches of the listed electronic databases generated 7,845 records. 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. The total sample size of female participants was 213,199. The definition of screening definitions were relatively similar among studies. Screening rates varied between studies (from 4% to 43%). The Pap smear test was the most common screening modality, next was Visual Inspection Acetic Acid (VIA). The overall prevalence of cervical cancer screening was still remarkably low 21.85% (95%CI: 20.56 - 22.32, I2 = 40%, p <0.001).
Conclusions: Despite global efforts to make screening approaches affordable and accessible, most women in low- and middle-income countries are not screened for cervical cancer.
Article Details
Keywords
cervical cancer screening, literature review
References
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[2] Arbyn M., Weiderpass E., Bruni L., et al. (2020). Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: a worldwide analysis. Lancet Glob Health, 8(2), e191–e203.
[3] The Global Cancer Observatory (2020). Viet Nam - Global Cancer Observatory.
[4] Domingo E.J., Noviani R., Noor M.R.M., et al. (2008). Epidemiology and prevention of cervical cancer in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. Vaccine, 26 Suppl 12, M71-79.
[5] WHO (2020). Screening for cervical cancer.
[6] WHO (2014). Chapter 3. Community mobilization, education and counselling. Comprehensive cervical cancer control A guide to essential practice. Second edition.
[7] Bộ Y Tế (2022). Quyết định số 2475/QĐ-BYT ngày 9 tháng 9 năm 2022 Về việc ban hành tài liệu chuyên môn “hướng dẫn chẩn đoán và điều trị bệnh động mạch ngoại biên.”.
[8] Moher D., Shamseer L., Clarke M., et al. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1.
[9] Moher D., Liberati A., Tetzlaff J., et al. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med, 6(7), e1000097–e1000097.
[10] Okyere J., Duodu P.A., Aduse-Poku L., et al. (2021). Cervical cancer screening prevalence and its correlates in Cameroon: secondary data analysis of the 2018 demographic and health surveys. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1071.
[11] Gemeda E.Y., Kare B.B., Negera D.G., et al. (2020). Prevalence and Predictor of Cervical Cancer Screening Service Uptake Among Women Aged 25 Years and Above in Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia, Using Health Belief Model. Cancer Control, 27(1), 1073274820954460–1073274820954460.
[12] Belay Y., Dheresa M., Sema A., et al. (2020). Cervical Cancer Screening Utilization and Associated Factors Among Women Aged 30 to 49 Years in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia.
Cancer Control, 27(1), 1073274820958701–1073274820958701.
[13] Al-Amro S.Q., Gharaibeh M.K., and Oweis A.I. (2020). Factors Associated with Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake: Implications for the Health of Women in Jordan. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol, 2020, 9690473–9690473.
[14] Rimande-Joel R. and Ekenedo G.O. (2019). Knowledge, Belief and Practice of Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention among Women of Taraba, North-East Nigeria. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 20(11), 3291–3298.
[15] Aldohaian A.I., Alshammari S.A., and Arafah D.M. (2019). Using the health belief model to assess beliefs and behaviors regarding cervical cancer screening among Saudi women: a cross-sectional observational study. BMC Womens Health, 19(1), 6–6.
[16] Donatus L., Nina F.K., Sama D.J., et al. (2019). Assessing the uptake of cervical cancer screening among women aged 25-65 years in Kumbo West Health District, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J, 33, 106–106.
[17] Brandão M., Tulsidás S., Damasceno A., et al. (2019). Cervical cancer screening uptake in women aged between 15 and 64 years in Mozambique. Eur J Cancer Prev, 28(4), 338–343.
[18] Nwabichie C.C., Manaf R.A., and Ismail S.B. (2018). Factors Affecting Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening Among African Women in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Asian Pac J Cancer
Prev, 19(3), 825–831.
[19] Anwar S.L., Tampubolon G., Van Hemelrijck M., et al. (2018). Determinants of cancer screening awareness and participation among Indonesian women. BMC Cancer, 18(1), 208–208.
[20] Bou-Orm I.R., Sakr R.E., and Adib S.M. (2018). Cervical cancer screening among Lebanese women. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique, 66(1), 1–6.
[21] Dulla D., Daka D., and Wakgari N. (2017). Knowledge about cervical cancer screening and its practice among female health care workers in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Int J Womens Health, 9, 365–372.
[22] Aweke Y.H., Ayanto S.Y., and Ersado T.L. (2017). Knowledge, attitude and practice for cervical cancer prevention and control among women of childbearing age in Hossana Town, Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia: Community-based cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 12(7), e0181415–e0181415.
[23] Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2017). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-16: India.
[24] Bayu H., Berhe Y., Mulat A., et al. (2016). Cervical Cancer Screening Service Uptake and Associated Factors among Age Eligible Women in Mekelle Zone, Northern Ethiopia, 2015: A Community Based Study Using Health Belief Model. PLoS One, 11(3), e0149908–e0149908.
[25] Gebru Z. and Gerbaba M. (2016). Utilization of Cervical Carcinoma Screening Service and Associated Factors among Currently Married Women in Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Womens Health Care, 05.
[26] Msyamboza K.P., Phiri T., Sichali W., et al. (2016). Cervical cancer screening uptake and challenges in Malawi from 2011 to 2015: retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 806–806.
[27] Coronado Interis E., Anakwenze C.P., Aung M., et al. (2015). Increasing Cervical Cancer Awareness and Screening in Jamaica: Effectiveness of a Theory-Based Educational Intervention. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 13(1), ijerph13010053–ijerph13010053.
[28] Wang B., He M., Chao A., et al. (2015). Cervical Cancer Screening Among Adult Women in China, 2010. Oncologist, 20(6), 627–634.
[29] Aminisani N., Fattahpour R., Abedi L., et al. (2016). Determinants of Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake in Kurdish Women Living in Western Iran, 2014. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 17(8), 3763–3767.
[30] Jedidah W. Kibicho (2014). Factors influencing utilization of cervical cancer screening services in Embu hospital, Embu county, Kenya.
[31] Wright K.O., Aiyedehin O., Akinyinka M.R., et al. (2014). Cervical Cancer: Community Perception and Preventive Practices in an Urban Neighborhood of Lagos (Nigeria). ISRN Preventive Medicine, 2014, 950534.
[32] Arulogun O.S. and Maxwell O.O. (2012). Perception and utilization of cervical cancer screening services among female nurses in University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J, 11, 69–69.
[33] World Health Organization (2013). WHO Guidelines for Screening and Treatment of Precancerous Lesions for Cervical Cancer Prevention.
[34] Leece P., Kendall C., Touchie C., et al. (2010). Cervical cancer screening among HIV-positive women. Retrospective cohort study from a tertiary care HIV clinic. Can Fam Physician, 56(12), e425–e431.
[35] Stuardo Ávila V. (2013). Low Prevalence of Cervical Cancer Screening Among HIV-Positive Women in Catalonia (Spain). Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research, 01.
[36] Calys-Tagoe B.N.L., Aheto J.M.K., Mensah G., et al. (2020). Cervical cancer screening practices among women in Ghana: evidence from wave 2 of the WHO study on global AGEing and adult health. BMC Women’s Health, 20(1), 49.
[37] Yimer N.B., Mohammed M.A., Solomon K., et al. (2021). Cervical cancer screening uptake in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health, 195, 105–111.
[38] World Health Organization (2014). Comprehensive cervical cancer control A guide to essential practice - Second edition.
[39] Tsu V. and Jerónimo J. (2016). Saving the World’s Women from Cervical Cancer. N Engl J Med, 374(26), 2509–2511.