Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics, hematological findings, and treatment outcomes of neonatal thrombocytopenia according to etiological groups at Bach Mai Hospital during 2024–2025.
Methods: A retrospective descriptive case series was conducted on 158 neonates with a platelet count <150 × 10⁹/L who were treated at the Pediatric Center, Bach Mai Hospital, during 2024–2025. Clinical characteristics, hematological findings, and treatment outcomes were collected and analyzed.
Results: The study included 158 neonates with thrombocytopenia, of whom 62.7% were male, 85.4% were preterm, and 82.3% had a birth weight <2500 g. Early-onset thrombocytopenia accounted for 60.8% of cases, while mild and moderate thrombocytopenia accounted for 68.4%. Neonatal infection was the most common etiology (53.2%) and was also associated with the highest proportions of severe/very severe thrombocytopenia (42.9%), visceral hemorrhage (55.3%), platelet transfusion (31.0%), and mortality (31.0%). The distribution of thrombocytopenia severity differed significantly among the etiological groups (p = 0.004).
Conclusions: Among neonates with thrombocytopenia included in this study, most were preterm and had low birth weight. Neonatal infection was the most common etiology and was associated with the highest proportions of severe/very severe thrombocytopenia, visceral hemorrhage, platelet transfusion, and mortality. Early identification of the underlying causes of neonatal thrombocytopenia may help guide prognosis and facilitate the selection of appropriate treatment strategies.